一、Post请求

1、使用python发送一个Post请求

有时候遇到请求url中有很多参数。

1.1 示例1

accounts和pwd请到http://shop-xo.hctestedu.com/注册。

import requests# 请求体data = {"accounts": "xx","pwd": "xxx","type": "username"}# 只有php项目需要application和application_client_type# 写法一, 在请求Url中带上所有参数，application和application_client_type，用&隔开response = requests.post(url="http://shop-xo.hctestedu.com/index.php?""s=api/user/login""&application=app""&applicaiton_client_type=weixin", json=data)# 输出响应结果print(response.text)

执行结果：

{"msg":"登录成功","code":0,"data":{"id":"7073","username":"xx","nickname":"","mobile":"","email":"","avatar":"http:\/\/shop-xo.hctestedu.com\/static\/index\/default\/images\/default-user-avatar.jpg","alipay_openid":"","weixin_openid":"","weixin_unionid":"","weixin_web_openid":"","baidu_openid":"","toutiao_openid":"","qq_openid":"","qq_unionid":"","integral":"189","locking_integral":"0","referrer":"0","add_time":"1646195490","add_time_text":"2022-03-02 12:31:30","mobile_security":"","email_security":"","user_name_view":"xx","is_mandatory_bind_mobile":0,"token":"xxxxxx"}}

1.2 示例2

使用不定长参数 params，将url中需要的参数单独封装。

import requests# 请求体data = {"accounts": "xx","pwd": "xxx","type": "username"}# 使用不定长参数paramsparam_data = {"application": "app","application_client_type": "weixin"}# 写法2：使用不定长参数paramsresponse = requests.post(url="http://shop-xo.hctestedu.com/index.php?" "s=api/user/login", params=param_data, json=data)# 输出响应结果print(response.text)

执行结果：

{"msg":"登录成功","code":0,"data":{"id":"22299","username":"xx","nickname":"","mobile":"","email":"","avatar":"http:\/\/shop-xo.hctestedu.com\/static\/index\/default\/images\/default-user-avatar.jpg","alipay_openid":"","weixin_openid":"","weixin_unionid":"","weixin_web_openid":"","baidu_openid":"","toutiao_openid":"","qq_openid":"","qq_unionid":"","integral":"0","locking_integral":"0","referrer":"0","add_time":"1678005098","add_time_text":"2023-03-05 16:31:38","mobile_security":"","email_security":"","user_name_view":"xx","is_mandatory_bind_mobile":0,"token":"xxxxx"}}

二、获取Response body

1、response.text

用type(）查看response.text的类型，是str

import requests# 请求体data = {"accounts": "xx","pwd": "xxx","type": "username"}# 使用不定长参数paramsparam_data = {"application": "app","application_client_type": "weixin"}# 写法2：使用不定长参数paramsresponse = requests.post(url="http://shop-xo.hctestedu.com/index.php?" "s=api/user/login", params=param_data, json=data)# 输出响应结果print(response.text)print(type(response.text))

执行结果：

{"msg":"登录成功","code":0,"data":{"id":"22299","username":"xx","nickname":"","mobile":"","email":"","avatar":"http:\/\/shop-xo.hctestedu.com\/static\/index\/default\/images\/default-user-avatar.jpg","alipay_openid":"","weixin_openid":"","weixin_unionid":"","weixin_web_openid":"","baidu_openid":"","toutiao_openid":"","qq_openid":"","qq_unionid":"","integral":"0","locking_integral":"0","referrer":"0","add_time":"1678005098","add_time_text":"2023-03-05 16:31:38","mobile_security":"","email_security":"","user_name_view":"xx","is_mandatory_bind_mobile":0,"token":"xxxxx"}}

2、response.json()

用type(）查看response.json()的类型，是dict

import requests# 请求体data = {"accounts": "xx","pwd": "xxx","type": "username"}# 使用不定长参数paramsparam_data = {"application": "app","application_client_type": "weixin"}# 写法2：使用不定长参数paramsresponse = requests.post(url="http://shop-xo.hctestedu.com/index.php?" "s=api/user/login", params=param_data, json=data)# 输出响应结果print(response.json())print(type(response.json()))

执行结果：

{"msg":"登录成功","code":0,"data":{"id":"22299","username":"xx","nickname":"","mobile":"","email":"","avatar":"http:\/\/shop-xo.hctestedu.com\/static\/index\/default\/images\/default-user-avatar.jpg","alipay_openid":"","weixin_openid":"","weixin_unionid":"","weixin_web_openid":"","baidu_openid":"","toutiao_openid":"","qq_openid":"","qq_unionid":"","integral":"0","locking_integral":"0","referrer":"0","add_time":"1678005098","add_time_text":"2023-03-05 16:31:38","mobile_security":"","email_security":"","user_name_view":"xx","is_mandatory_bind_mobile":0,"token":"xxxxx"}}

三、获取响应状态码：res.status_code

print(response.status_code)

执行结果：

200

更多状态码：

状态代码有三位数字组成，第一个数字定义了响应的类别，共分五种类别:1xx：指示信息--表示请求已接收，继续处理2xx：成功--表示请求已被成功接收、理解、接受3xx：重定向--要完成请求必须进行更进一步的操作4xx：客户端错误--请求有语法错误或请求无法实现5xx：服务器端错误--服务器未能实现合法的请求常见状态码：200 OK//客户端请求成功400 Bad Request//客户端请求有语法错误，不能被服务器所理解401 Unauthorized//请求未经授权，这个状态代码必须和WWW-Authenticate报头域一起使用403 Forbidden//服务器收到请求，但是拒绝提供服务404 Not Found//请求资源不存在，eg：输入了错误的URL500 Internal Server Error//服务器发生不可预期的错误503 Server Unavailable//服务器当前不能处理客户端的请求，一段时间后可能恢复正常

四、获取响应cookies：res.cookies

print(response.cookies)

执行结果：

<RequestsCookieJar[]>

五、获取响应headers：res.headers

print(response.headers)

执行结果：

{'Server': 'nginx', 'Date': 'Sun, 05 Mar 2023 10:04:02 GMT', 'Content-Type': 'application/json; charset=utf-8', 'Transfer-Encoding': 'chunked', 'Connection': 'keep-alive', 'Set-Cookie': 'PHPSESSID=ul9qsgallg17d5am81q08pfhj0; path=/; HttpOnly', 'Expires': 'Thu, 19 Nov 1981 08:52:00 GMT', 'Cache-Control': 'no-store, no-cache, must-revalidate', 'Pragma': 'no-cache'}

六、获取响应结果原始内容：res.content

content，没有经过编译的，以字节的形式展示。而上述提到的text是编译过的。自动找到请求头中的编码格式，进行解析。

print(response.content)print(type(response.content))

执行结果：

b'{"msg":"\xe7\x99\xbb\xe5\xbd\x95\xe6\x88\x90\xe5\x8a\x9f","code":0,"data":{"id":"22299","username":"xxxxx","nickname":"","mobile":"","email":"","avatar":"http:\\/\\/shop-xo.hctestedu.com\\/static\\/index\\/default\\/images\\/default-user-avatar.jpg","alipay_openid":"","weixin_openid":"","weixin_unionid":"","weixin_web_openid":"","baidu_openid":"","toutiao_openid":"","qq_openid":"","qq_unionid":"","integral":"0","locking_integral":"0","referrer":"0","add_time":"1678005098","add_time_text":"2023-03-05 16:31:38","mobile_security":"","email_security":"","user_name_view":"xxxxx","is_mandatory_bind_mobile":0,"token":"d653d78ac417f65e1cd38c6f3e220341"}}'

content还支持手动的编码，例如使用utf-8编码，编码后的是str类型，json本质是一种字符串类型

resp = response.content.decode("utf-8")print(resp)print(type(resp))

执行结果：

{"msg":"登录成功","code":0,"data":{"id":"22299","username":"xxxxx","nickname":"","mobile":"","email":"","avatar":"http:\/\/shop-xo.hctestedu.com\/static\/index\/default\/images\/default-user-avatar.jpg","alipay_openid":"","weixin_openid":"","weixin_unionid":"","weixin_web_openid":"","baidu_openid":"","toutiao_openid":"","qq_openid":"","qq_unionid":"","integral":"0","locking_integral":"0","referrer":"0","add_time":"1678005098","add_time_text":"2023-03-05 16:31:38","mobile_security":"","email_security":"","user_name_view":"xxxxx","is_mandatory_bind_mobile":0,"token":"d653d78ac417f65e1cd38c6f3e220341"}}

七、获取响应结果：最原生的状态，对象在内存中的地址：res.raw

print(response.raw)print(type(response.raw))

执行结果：

八、解析响应数据

响应数据如下：

{"msg": "登录成功","code": 0,"data": {"id": "22299","username": "Summer","nickname": "","mobile": "","email": "","avatar": "http:\/\/shop-xo.hctestedu.com\/static\/index\/default\/images\/default-user-avatar.jpg","alipay_openid": "","weixin_openid": "","weixin_unionid": "","weixin_web_openid": "","baidu_openid": "","toutiao_openid": "","qq_openid": "","qq_unionid": "","integral": "0","locking_integral": "0","referrer": "0","add_time": "1678005098","add_time_text": "2023-03-05 16:31:38","mobile_security": "","email_security": "","user_name_view": "chengcheng","is_mandatory_bind_mobile": 0,"token": "d653d78ac417f65e1cd38c6f3e220341"}}

通常我们获取响应数据后，是需要进行结果验证的。例如，我想从登录接口的响应中拿到token，供后面的接口请求鉴权使用。

1、字典方式解析及其缺点

上面已经讲到，可以使用response.json()方法拿到一个字典。既然是字典，就可以用处理字典的方式来获取某个字段的值。

resp = response.json()token = resp["data"]["token"]print(token )

执行结果：

d653d78ac417f65e1cd38c6f3e220341

字典解析的缺点：如果接口数据异常，响应体缺少某个字段，就会发生keyerror，导致程序异常。

resp = response.json()token = resp["data"]["token1"]print(token )

执行结果：

Traceback (most recent call last):File "E:\Coding\python-workspace\Interface_test\first_requests.py", line 128, in token = resp["data"]["token1"]KeyError: 'token1'

2、Jsonpath表达式解析及其优点

上面的响应body结构比较简单，如果我们要解析特别复杂的响应体，通过字典方式就很复杂。这个时候更推荐jsonpath。需要引入jsonpath库。

import jsonpathresp = response.json()# 将返回值转换成字典格式token = jsonpath.jsonpath(resp, '$..token')# token的jsonpath表达式：$..tokenprint(token)

执行结果：

['d653d78ac417f65e1cd38c6f3e220341']

通过结果来看，获取到的token是只有一个元素的列表。我们要想拿到token通过下标访问。
修改上述代码：

import jsonpathresp = response.json()# 将返回值转换成字典格式token = jsonpath.jsonpath(resp, '$..token')# token的jsonpath表达式：$..tokenprint(token[0])

执行结果：

d653d78ac417f65e1cd38c6f3e220341

Jsonpath表达式解析的优点：如果响应体缺少某个字段，通过Jsonpath表达式解析不到结果，就会返回False，永远不会发生异常。我们可根据返回结果进行后续处理。

import jsonpathresp = response.json()# 将返回值转换成字典格式# 使用错误的jsonpath表达式token = jsonpath.jsonpath(resp, '$..token1')# token的jsonpath表达式：$..token1if isinstance(token, List):print(f'可以解析到token，值为：{token[0]}')else:print(f'解析不到token，结果为：{token}')# 使用正确的jsonpath表达式token = jsonpath.jsonpath(resp, '$..token')# token的jsonpath表达式：$..tokenif isinstance(token, List):print(f'可以解析到token，值为：{token[0]}')else:print(f'解析不到token，结果为：{token}')

执行结果：

解析不到token，结果为：False可以解析到token，值为：d653d78ac417f65e1cd38c6f3e220341

3、如何知道自己写的jsonpath表达式是否正确呢？

jsonpath在线校验工具：http://jsonpath.com/
将response粘贴在Inputs区域，在JSONPath区域输入表达式，在Evaluation Results区域查看是否解析到期望的值。当解析不到值时，返回的是空列表（No match）
jsonpath表达式语法

九、获取请求的信息

print(f'请求url：{response.request.url}')print(f'请求方法：{response.request.method}')print(f'请求Header：{response.request.headers}')print(f'请求路径：{response.request.path_url}')

执行结果：

请求url：http://shop-xo.hctestedu.com/index.php" />十、json=data 和 data=data 参数区别 
接口电商项目后台代码（PHP）中，json=data以及data=data这2种参数类型都可以接收。在实际项目应用中，常见的报文格式是application/json。因此最常使用的是json=data
 
1、json=data
 
请求头默认为:Content-Type=application/json
 
url = 'http://shop-xo.hctestedu.com/index.php?s=api/user/login'res = requests.post(url=url, json=data, params=param_data)# 查看请求中的请求头信息，Content-Type=application/jsonprint(res.request.headers)print(res.text)
执行结果：
{'User-Agent': 'python-requests/2.28.1', 'Accept-Encoding': 'gzip, deflate', 'Accept': '*/*', 'Connection': 'keep-alive', 'Content-Length': '69', 'Content-Type': 'application/json'}{"msg":"登录成功","code":0,"data":{"id":"22299","username":"xxxxx","nickname":"","mobile":"","email":"","avatar":"http:\/\/shop-xo.hctestedu.com\/static\/index\/default\/images\/default-user-avatar.jpg","alipay_openid":"","weixin_openid":"","weixin_unionid":"","weixin_web_openid":"","baidu_openid":"","toutiao_openid":"","qq_openid":"","qq_unionid":"","integral":"0","locking_integral":"0","referrer":"0","add_time":"1678005098","add_time_text":"2023-03-05 16:31:38","mobile_security":"","email_security":"","user_name_view":"xxxxx","is_mandatory_bind_mobile":0,"token":"d653d78ac417f65e1cd38c6f3e220341"}}
2、data=data
请求头默认为：application/x-www-form-urlencoded
url = 'http://shop-xo.hctestedu.com/index.php?s=api/user/login'res = requests.post(url=url, data=data, params=param_data)# 查看请求中的请求头信息，Content-Type=application/x-www-form-urlencodedprint(res.request.headers)print(res.text)
执行结果：
{'User-Agent': 'python-requests/2.28.1', 'Accept-Encoding': 'gzip, deflate', 'Accept': '*/*', 'Connection': 'keep-alive', 'Content-Length': '50', 'Content-Type': 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded'}{"msg":"登录成功","code":0,"data":{"id":"22299","username":"xxxxx","nickname":"","mobile":"","email":"","avatar":"http:\/\/shop-xo.hctestedu.com\/static\/index\/default\/images\/default-user-avatar.jpg","alipay_openid":"","weixin_openid":"","weixin_unionid":"","weixin_web_openid":"","baidu_openid":"","toutiao_openid":"","qq_openid":"","qq_unionid":"","integral":"0","locking_integral":"0","referrer":"0","add_time":"1678005098","add_time_text":"2023-03-05 16:31:38","mobile_security":"","email_security":"","user_name_view":"xxxxx","is_mandatory_bind_mobile":0,"token":"d653d78ac417f65e1cd38c6f3e220341"}}
3、设置请求头
如果是java项目，spring会将请求实体的内容自动转换为Bean，但前提是请求的Content-Type必须设置为application/json
在请求头中定义发送报文的格式
1、Content-Type: application/json
headers = {'Content-Type': 'application/json'# 'Content-Type': 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded'}url = 'http://shop-xo.hctestedu.com/index.php?s=api/user/login'res = requests.post(url=url, params=param_data, json=data, headers=headers)print(res.request.headers)
执行结果：
{'User-Agent': 'python-requests/2.28.1', 'Accept-Encoding': 'gzip, deflate', 'Accept': '*/*', 'Connection': 'keep-alive', 'Content-Type': 'application/json', 'Content-Length': '50'}
2、Content-Type：application/x-www-form-urlencoded
headers = {# 'Content-Type': 'application/json''Content-Type': 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded'}url = 'http://shop-xo.hctestedu.com/index.php?s=api/user/login'res = requests.post(url=url, params=param_data, data=data, headers=headers)print(res.request.headers)
执行结果：
{'User-Agent': 'python-requests/2.28.1', 'Accept-Encoding': 'gzip, deflate', 'Accept': '*/*', 'Connection': 'keep-alive', 'Content-Type': 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded', 'Content-Length': '69'}
十一、Json和字典数据转换
1、json.dumps()，将字典转换成Json
使用json.dumps()可以将字典转换成Json
test = {"msg": "登录成功","code": 0,"data": {"id": "22299","username": "Summer","nickname": "","mobile": "","email": "","avatar": "http:\/\/shop-xo.hctestedu.com\/static\/index\/default\/images\/default-user-avatar.jpg","alipay_openid": "","weixin_openid": "","weixin_unionid": "","weixin_web_openid": "","baidu_openid": "","toutiao_openid": "","qq_openid": "","qq_unionid": "","integral": "0","locking_integral": "0","referrer": "0","add_time": "1678005098","add_time_text": "2023-03-05 16:31:38","mobile_security": "","email_security": "","user_name_view": "chengcheng","is_mandatory_bind_mobile": 0,"token": "d653d78ac417f65e1cd38c6f3e220341"}}print(type(test))print(json.dumps(test))print(type(json.dumps(test)))
执行结果：
{"msg": "\u767b\u5f55\u6210\u529f", "code": 0, "data": {"id": "22299", "username": "Summer", "nickname": "", "mobile": "", "email": "", "avatar": "http:\\/\\/shop-xo.hctestedu.com\\/static\\/index\\/default\\/images\\/default-user-avatar.jpg", "alipay_openid": "", "weixin_openid": "", "weixin_unionid": "", "weixin_web_openid": "", "baidu_openid": "", "toutiao_openid": "", "qq_openid": "", "qq_unionid": "", "integral": "0", "locking_integral": "0", "referrer": "0", "add_time": "1678005098", "add_time_text": "2023-03-05 16:31:38", "mobile_security": "", "email_security": "", "user_name_view": "chengcheng", "is_mandatory_bind_mobile": 0, "token": "d653d78ac417f65e1cd38c6f3e220341"}}
2、json.loads()，将Json转换成字典
使用json.loads()可以将Json转换成字典
print(json.loads(json.dumps(test)))print(type(json.loads(json.dumps(test))))
执行结果：
{'msg': '登录成功', 'code': 0, 'data': {'id': '22299', 'username': 'Summer', 'nickname': '', 'mobile': '', 'email': '', 'avatar': 'http:\\/\\/shop-xo.hctestedu.com\\/static\\/index\\/default\\/images\\/default-user-avatar.jpg', 'alipay_openid': '', 'weixin_openid': '', 'weixin_unionid': '', 'weixin_web_openid': '', 'baidu_openid': '', 'toutiao_openid': '', 'qq_openid': '', 'qq_unionid': '', 'integral': '0', 'locking_integral': '0', 'referrer': '0', 'add_time': '1678005098', 'add_time_text': '2023-03-05 16:31:38', 'mobile_security': '', 'email_security': '', 'user_name_view': 'chengcheng', 'is_mandatory_bind_mobile': 0, 'token': 'd653d78ac417f65e1cd38c6f3e220341'}}
3、json格式报文发送
方法一：参数是data，值：将字典data转换成json
url = 'http://shop-xo.hctestedu.com/index.php?s=api/user/login'headers = {'Content-Type': 'application/json'}res = requests.post(url=url, data=json.dumps(data), headers=headers)print(res.text)
方法二：参数是json，值：字典data
url = 'http://shop-xo.hctestedu.com/index.php?s=api/user/login'res = requests.post(url=url, json=data)print(res.text)print(res.json())print(type(res.json()))assert "登录成功" == res.json()['msg']
十二、获取接口响应时间
url = 'http://shop-xo.hctestedu.com/index.php?s=api/user/login'res = requests.post(url=url, json=data)print(res.text)# 获取接口响应时间，单位秒print(r.elapsed.total_seconds())
执行结果：
{"msg":"登录成功","code":0,"data":{"body_html":""}}0.078264
十三、接口调用失败处理
同一个用例中有多个接口调用，一个接口调用失败如何防止程序终止？
 用于判断接口请求的状态码是否为200，如果是，则返回none，如果不是则返回异常。
 调用接口时结合try…except进行使用。
# 模拟接口404，使用不存在的request url: login1url = 'http://shop-xo.hctestedu.com/index.php?s=api/user/login1'res = requests.post(url=url, json=data)try:assert 200 == res.status_codeexcept:# 异常处理1：直接跳过，可继续执行后面代码# pass# 异常处理2：打印详细异常信息print(res.status_code)res.raise_for_status()else:print(res.text)
执行结果：
404Traceback (most recent call last):File "E:\Coding\python-workspace\Interface_test\first_requests.py", line 220, in assert 200 == res.status_codeAssertionErrorDuring handling of the above exception, another exception occurred:Traceback (most recent call last):File "E:\Coding\python-workspace\Interface_test\first_requests.py", line 226, in res.raise_for_status()File "D:\Developer\Python\Python310\lib\site-packages\requests\models.py", line 1021, in raise_for_statusraise HTTPError(http_error_msg, response=self)requests.exceptions.HTTPError: 404 Client Error: Not Found for url: http://shop-xo.hctestedu.com/index.php?s=api/user/login1
十四、接口超时
url = 'http://shop-xo.hctestedu.com/index.php?s=api/user/login'try:res = requests.post(url=url, json=data, timeout=0.01)# timeout，单位秒except (TimeoutError, ReadTimeout, ConnectTimeout):# ConnectTimeout：指的是建立连接所用的时间，适用于网络状况正常的情况下，两端连接所用的时间。# ReadTimeout：指的是建立连接后从服务器读取到可用资源所用的时间。print("发生错误，请稍后重试")else:# 获取接口响应时间，单位秒print(res.elapsed.total_seconds())print(res.text)
执行结果：
发生错误，请稍后重试
当把timeout改成0.1，执行结果：
0.07419{"msg":"登录成功","code":0,"data":{"body_html":""}}