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前言：
为了能够快速上手一门语言，我们往往在学习了基本语法后，采用写一个小项目的方式来加深理解语言的语法及运用，本文采用c++去实现对战AI五子棋，采用面向对象开发的一款游戏，里面应用了类和对象以及vector容器等知识。
一、项目效果展示
二、游戏思路
三、游戏框架
我们这里创建四个类（可以简单的理解为加强版的结构体），玩家类、AI类、棋盘类、棋盘控制类，将玩家类、AI类、棋盘类作为参数传给棋盘控制类，棋盘控制类获取这三个类的信息，从而可以控制游戏的运行，而玩家和AI要进行下棋操作时，需要棋盘信息，所以在玩家和AI类设置棋盘类。
根据上面分析，我们搭建好框架，先实现棋盘类功能，再实现AI和玩家类，最后实现棋盘控制类
四、棋盘类实现
4.1 用棋盘类构造函数初始化
4.1.1 checkerboard.h
#include//eaysx头文件#includeusing namespace std;enumGameResult { BLACK_WIN,WHITE_WIN,DRAW ,CONTINUE};class checkerboard{public://构造函数初始化成员变量checkerboard(int BoardSize, int margin_x, int margin_y, float ChessSize){this->BoardSize = BoardSize;//几线棋盘this->margin_x=margin_x;this->margin_y = margin_y;this->ChessSize = ChessSize;//棋子大小 //加载黑子和白子图片到黑子和白子变量loadimage(&BLACK_IMG, "res/black.png", ChessSize, ChessSize, true);loadimage(&WHITE_IMG, "res/white.png", ChessSize, ChessSize, true);//棋盘初始化for (int i = 0; i < ChessSize; i++){vector row;for (int j = 0; j < ChessSize; j++){row.push_back(0);}BoardMap.push_back(row);} gameresult= CONTINUE;}int BoardSize;//棋盘大小float ChessSize;//棋子大小vector<vector> BoardMap;//表示棋盘落子情况private:IMAGE BLACK_IMG;//黑棋图片变量IMAGE WHITE_IMG;//白棋图片变量int margin_x;//左侧边界45int margin_y;//右侧边界45};4.2 棋盘类初始化函数
注：
这个初始化函数和棋盘类构造函数的初始化一样，为什么再初始化一次呢？因为我们后面进行游戏运行时，一局结束，再来一局还需要再调用一次棋盘初始化，而定义棋盘类只能调用一次构造函数，所以再创一个棋盘类初始化函数
4.2.1 checkerboard.h
pubilc:void Init();//棋盘初始化4.2.2 checkerboard.cpp
void checkerboard::Init(){initgraph(L, W, 1);//窗口大小//加载到窗口棋盘图片loadimage(0, "res/棋盘2.jpg", L,W,true);//播放声音/*mciSendString("play res/start.WAV", 0, 0, 0);*///加载黑子和白子图片到黑子和白子变量//loadimage(&BLACK_IMG, "res/black.png", ChessSize, ChessSize, true);//loadimage(&WHITE_IMG, "res/white.png", ChessSize, ChessSize, true);//后面没有调用构造函数，调用初始化，所有在这里还需要对容器归0for (int i = 0; i < ChessSize; i++){for (int j = 0; j < ChessSize; j++){BoardMap[i][j] = 0;}}gameresult = CONTINUE;}4.3 检查鼠标点击是否有效
注：
虽然代码很长，但是思路很简单，先计算点击位置（x,y) 附近的4个落棋位置的实际坐标位置，然后再计算点击位置到这四个落棋位置之间的距离，如果落棋位置与点击位置距离小于棋子大小的0.4倍，就认为这个落棋位置是玩家想要落棋的位置,存储在pos中。若此时该位置没有其他棋子，则为有效点击，返回真。
4.3.1 checkerboard.h
棋盘类外：
//落子位置struct ChessPos{int row;int col;};enumchess_type{CHESS_WHITE=-1,CHESS_BLACK=1};棋盘类内：
public:bool ClickBord(int x, int y, ChessPos& pos);//检查有效点击4.3.2checkerboard.cpp
bool checkerboard::ClickBord(int x, int y, ChessPos& pos){//保证在棋盘内if (x >= margin_x && x = margin_y && y <= (W - margin_y)){int col = (x - margin_x) / ChessSize;int row = (y - margin_y) / ChessSize;//该位置左上角的交点的坐标int LTPos_x = margin_x + ChessSize * col;int LTPos_y = margin_y + ChessSize * row;int critical = ChessSize * 0.4;//临界值//鼠标点击位置与右上角交点之间的距离int distance1 = sqrt((x - LTPos_x) * (x - LTPos_x) + (y - LTPos_y) * (y - LTPos_y));//勾股定理 //该位置右上角的交点的坐标int RTPos_x = LTPos_x + ChessSize;int RTPos_y = LTPos_y;//鼠标点击位置与右上角交点之间的距离int distance2 = sqrt((x - RTPos_x) * (x - RTPos_x) + (y - RTPos_y) * (y - RTPos_y));//勾股定理 //该位置左下角的交点的坐标int LDPos_x = LTPos_x;int LDPos_y = LTPos_y + ChessSize;//鼠标点击位置与左下角交点之间的距离int distance3 = sqrt((x - LDPos_x) * (x - LDPos_x) + (y - LDPos_y) * (y - LDPos_y));//勾股定理 //该位置右下角的交点的坐标int RDPos_x = LTPos_x + ChessSize;int RDPos_y = LTPos_y + ChessSize;//鼠标点击位置与右下角交点之间的距离int distance4 = sqrt((x - RDPos_x) * (x - RDPos_x) + (y - RDPos_y) * (y - RDPos_y));//勾股定理if (distance1 <= critical){pos.col = col;pos.row = row;if (BoardMap[pos.row][pos.col] == 0)//该坐标没有棋子{return true;}return false;}else if (distance2 <= critical){pos.col = col + 1;pos.row = row;if (BoardMap[pos.row][pos.col] == 0)//该坐标没有棋子{return true;}return false;}else if (distance3 <= critical){pos.col = col;pos.row = row + 1;if (BoardMap[pos.row][pos.col ] == 0)//该坐标没有棋子{return true;}return false;}else if (distance4 <= critical){pos.col = col + 1;pos.row = row + 1;if (BoardMap[pos.row ][pos.col] == 0)//该坐标没有棋子{return true;}return false;}else{return false;}}else{return false;}}4.4 下棋
功能：实现记录最后一次落子的位置以及最后一次下棋是玩家方还是AI方，在棋盘二维数组记录落子数据。
4.4.1 checkerboard.h
棋盘类外：
//落子位置struct ChessPos{int row;int col;};enumchess_type{CHESS_WHITE=-1,CHESS_BLACK=1};棋盘类内：
public:void PlayChess(ChessPos& pos,chess_type type);//下棋4.4.2checkerboard.cpp
void checkerboard::PlayChess(ChessPos& pos, chess_type type){int x = margin_x + ChessSize * pos.col-ChessSize*0.5;int y = margin_y + ChessSize * pos.row- ChessSize *0.5; BoardMap[pos.row][pos.col] = type;lastpos.row = pos.row;lastpos.col = pos.col;lasttype = type;if (type == CHESS_BLACK){putimagePNG(x, y, &BLACK_IMG); }else{putimagePNG(x, y, &WHITE_IMG);}}4.5 判断棋盘是否下满
4.5.1 checkerboard.h
bool BoardFull();4.5.2 checkerboard.cpp
bool checkerboard::BoardFull(){for (int row = 0; row < BoardSize; row++){for (int col = 0; col < BoardSize; col++){if (BoardMap[row][col] == 0)//棋盘没满{return false;}} }return true;}4.6 判断游戏状态
4.6.1 checkerboard.h
棋盘类外：
enumGameResult { BLACK_WIN,WHITE_WIN,DRAW ,CONTINUE};棋盘类内：
private:GameResult gameresult;GameResult IsWin();4.6.2checkerboard.cpp
GameResult checkerboard::IsWin(){bool boardfull = BoardFull();//每个方向记连续棋子个数int Black_Num = 0;intWhite_Num = 0;if (lasttype == CHESS_BLACK)//黑子方{//计算四个方向是否有5个for (int i = 0; i <= 1; i++)//分横，竖，上斜，下斜4个方向{for (int j = -1; j <= 1; j++){//每个方向记连续棋子个数Black_Num = 0;White_Num = 0;if ((i == 0 && j == 0) || (i == 0 && j == 1)){continue;}for (int k = 1; k = 0 && Cur_row = 0 && Cur_col < BoardSize &&BoardMap[Cur_row][Cur_col] == CHESS_BLACK){Black_Num++;}else//超出棋盘或者是白子或者空白{break;}}for (int k = 1; k = 0 && Cur_row = 0 && Cur_col < BoardSize &&BoardMap[Cur_row][Cur_col] == CHESS_BLACK){Black_Num++;}else//超出棋盘或者是白子或者空白{break;}}//判断游戏状态if (Black_Num == 4)//5个黑子，游戏结束{return BLACK_WIN;}else{if (boardfull){returnDRAW;}}}}}else//白子方{//计算四个方向是否有5个for (int i = 0; i <= 1; i++)//分横，竖，上斜，下斜4个方向{for (int j = -1; j <= 1; j++){//每个方向记连续棋子个数Black_Num = 0;White_Num = 0;if ((i == 0 && j == 0) || (i == 0 && j == 1)){continue;}for (int k = 1; k = 0 && Cur_row = 0 && Cur_col < BoardSize &&BoardMap[Cur_row][Cur_col] == CHESS_WHITE){White_Num++;}else//超出棋盘或者是黑子或者空白{break;}}for (int k = 1; k = 0 && Cur_row = 0 && Cur_col < BoardSize &&BoardMap[Cur_row][Cur_col] == CHESS_WHITE){ White_Num++;}else//超出棋盘或者是黑子或者空白{break;}}//判断游戏状态if (White_Num == 4)//5个白子，游戏结束{return WHITE_WIN;}else{if (boardfull){returnDRAW;}}}}}return CONTINUE;}4.7 判断游戏是否结束
4.7.1 checkerboard.h
bool CheckOver();//检查游戏是否结束4.7.2 checkerboard.cpp
bool checkerboard::CheckOver(){gameresult = IsWin();if (gameresult == BLACK_WIN){Sleep(2000);loadimage(0, "res/胜利.jpg",W,L,true);//播放声音mciSendString("play res/胜利.mp3", 0, 0, 0);_getch();return true;}else if (gameresult == WHITE_WIN){Sleep(2000);loadimage(0, "res/失败.jpg",W , L, true);//播放声音mciSendString("play res/失败.mp3", 0, 0, 0);_getch();//暂停，按任意键继续return true;}else if (gameresult == DRAW){Sleep(2000);loadimage(0, "res/平局.png",W , L , true);_getch();return true;}else//继续游戏{return false;}}五、玩家类实现
5.1 用玩家类构造函数初始化
5.1.1 chess_player.h
#include"checkerboard.h"#include"AI.h"class chess_player{public:chess_player(checkerboard& checkerboard){this->checkerboard = &checkerboard;}void go();private:checkerboard* checkerboard;};5.2 玩家下棋
5.2.1 chess_player.h
void go();5.2.2chess_player.cpp
void chess_player::go(){ChessPos pos;while (1){MOUSEMSG mousemsg = GetMouseMsg();//鼠标信息结构体变量bool click_board = checkerboard->ClickBord(mousemsg.x, mousemsg.y, pos);if (mousemsg.uMsg == WM_LBUTTONDOWN &&click_board )//用到checkboard对象的成员{printf("%d,%d\n", pos.row, pos.col);break;}}checkerboard->PlayChess(pos, CHESS_BLACK);//黑子下棋的位置(渲染和记录）}六、AI类实现
6.1 用AI类构造函数初始化
6.1.1AI.h
#include"checkerboard.h"#includeclass AI{public:AI(checkerboard& checkerboard)//AI构造函数{this->checkerboard = &checkerboard;for (int i = 0; i <checkerboard.ChessSize; i++){vector row;for (int j = 0; j <checkerboard.ChessSize; j++){row.push_back(0);}ScoreMap.push_back(row);}}void go();private:checkerboard* checkerboard;vector<vector>ScoreMap;voidCalculateScore();ChessPos MaxScore();};6.2 AI计算权值最高的棋盘空白位置
计算棋盘空白位置的权值，首先对该位置的横、竖、上斜、下斜四个方位做判断，以该位置为起点，每个方位只需要在单方向上判断4个棋子位，反方向判断四个棋子位，统计连续的白子或者黑子个数，根据下面的表格给出相应权重值，选择出累计权值最高的位置为AI落子点。
6.2.1AI.h
private:vector<vector>ScoreMap;voidCalculateScore();6.2.2AI.cpp
void AI::CalculateScore(){int Black_Num = 0;int White_Num = 0;int Empty_Num = 0;for(int row=0;rowBoardSize;row++)for (int col = 0; colBoardSize; col++){if (checkerboard->BoardMap[row][col] != 0)//有棋子，则跳过判断{continue;}//先假设下黑子，计分情况for (int i = 0; i <= 1; i++)//分横，竖，上斜，下斜4个方向{for (int j = -1; j <= 1; j++){//每个方向记连续棋子个数Black_Num = 0; White_Num = 0; Empty_Num = 0;if ((i == 0 && j == 0) || (i ==0 && j == 1)){continue;}for (int k = 1; k =0&&Cur_rowBoardSize&&Cur_col>=0&&Cur_colBoardSize&&checkerboard->BoardMap[Cur_row][Cur_col] == CHESS_BLACK){Black_Num++;}else if(Cur_row >= 0 && Cur_row BoardSize &&Cur_col >= 0 && Cur_col BoardSize &&checkerboard->BoardMap[Cur_row][Cur_col] ==0){Empty_Num++;break;}else//超出棋盘或者是白子{break;}}for (int k = 1; k = 0 && Cur_row BoardSize &&Cur_col >= 0 && Cur_col BoardSize &&checkerboard->BoardMap[Cur_row][Cur_col] == CHESS_BLACK){Black_Num++;}else if (Cur_row >= 0 && Cur_row BoardSize &&Cur_col >= 0 && Cur_col BoardSize &&checkerboard->BoardMap[Cur_row][Cur_col] == 0){Empty_Num++;break;}else//超出棋盘或者是白子{break;}}//该位置的得分情况if (Black_Num == 1)//2个黑子{ScoreMap[row][col] += 10;}else if (Black_Num == 2)//连续三个黑子{if (Empty_Num == 1){ScoreMap[row][col] += 30;}else if(Empty_Num==2){ScoreMap[row][col] += 40;}}else if (Black_Num == 3)//连续4个黑子{if (Empty_Num == 1){ScoreMap[row][col] += 60;}else if (Empty_Num == 2){ScoreMap[row][col] += 200;}}else if (Black_Num == 4)//连续5个黑子{ScoreMap[row][col] += 20000;}}}//假设该位置下白子，计分情况for (int i = 0; i <= 1; i++)//分横，竖，上斜，下斜4个方向{for (int j = -1; j <= 1; j++){//每个方向记连续棋子个数Black_Num = 0;White_Num = 0;Empty_Num = 0;if ((i == 0 && j == 0) || (i == 0 && j == 1)){continue;}for (int k = 1; k = 0 && Cur_row BoardSize &&Cur_col >= 0 && Cur_col BoardSize &&checkerboard->BoardMap[Cur_row][Cur_col] == CHESS_WHITE){White_Num++;}else if (Cur_row >= 0 && Cur_row BoardSize &&Cur_col >= 0 && Cur_col BoardSize &&checkerboard->BoardMap[Cur_row][Cur_col] == 0){Empty_Num++;break;}else//超出棋盘或者是黑子{break;}}for (int k = 1; k = 0 && Cur_row BoardSize &&Cur_col >= 0 && Cur_col BoardSize &&checkerboard->BoardMap[Cur_row][Cur_col] == CHESS_WHITE){White_Num++;}else if (Cur_row >= 0 && Cur_row BoardSize &&Cur_col >= 0 && Cur_col BoardSize &&checkerboard->BoardMap[Cur_row][Cur_col] == 0){Empty_Num++;break;}else//超出棋盘或者是黑子{break;}}//该位置的得分情况if (White_Num == 0)//1个白子{ScoreMap[row][col] += 5;}else if (White_Num == 1)//连续2个白子{ScoreMap[row][col] += 10;}else if (White_Num == 2)//连续3个白子{if (Empty_Num == 1){ScoreMap[row][col] += 25;}else if (Empty_Num == 2){ScoreMap[row][col] += 50;}}else if (White_Num == 3)//连续4个白子{if (Empty_Num == 1){ScoreMap[row][col] += 55;}else if (Empty_Num == 2){ScoreMap[row][col] += 300;}}else if (White_Num == 4)//连续5个白子{ScoreMap[row][col] += 30000;}}}}}6.3 选择权值最高的棋盘位置
6.3.1AI.h
private:ChessPos MaxScore();6.3.2 AI.cpp
ChessPos AI::MaxScore(){int max = 0;vector maxscore_pos;ChessPos pos;CalculateScore();for (int row = 0; row BoardSize; row++){for (int col = 0; col BoardSize; col++){if (ScoreMap[row][col] > max){max = ScoreMap[row][col];maxscore_pos.clear();pos.row = row;pos.col = col;maxscore_pos.push_back(pos);}else if (ScoreMap[row][col] == max){pos.row = row;pos.col = col;maxscore_pos.push_back(pos);}}}//计分棋盘归0for (int i = 0; i ChessSize; i++){for (int j = 0; j ChessSize; j++){ScoreMap[i][j] = 0;}}int index = rand() % maxscore_pos.size();return maxscore_pos[index];}6.4 AI下棋
6.4.1AI.h
void go();6.4.2 AI.cpp
void AI::go(){ChessPos pos = MaxScore();checkerboard->PlayChess(pos, CHESS_WHITE);//白子下棋的位置(渲染和记录）}七、棋盘控制类实现
7.1 用棋盘控制类构造函数初始化
7.1.1 ChessGame.h
#include"chess_player.h"#include"AI.h"#include"checkerboard.h"class ChessGame{public:ChessGame(chess_player& chess_player, AI& ai, checkerboard& checkerboard)//构造函数初始化{this->chess_player = &chess_player;this->ai = &ai;this->checkerboard = &checkerboard;}void play();//开始游戏//创建数据成员变量private:chess_player* chess_player;AI* ai;checkerboard* checkerboard;};7.2 控制游戏进行
7.2.1 ChessGame.h
void play();//开始游戏7.2.2ChessGame.cpp
//开始游戏void ChessGame::play(){again:checkerboard->Init();while (1){//棋手先走chess_player->go();if (checkerboard->CheckOver()){gotoagain;}//AI走ai->go();if (checkerboard->CheckOver()){gotoagain;}}}八、主函数
#include#include"ChessGame.h"int main(){srand((unsigned int)time(NULL));checkerboard checkerboard( 13, 45*0.7, 45*0.7,67.25*0.7);//自动调用构造函数chess_player chess_player(checkerboard);//自动调用构造函数AI ai(checkerboard);//自动调用构造函数;ChessGame chessgame(chess_player,ai, checkerboard);//引用传值chessgame.play();return 0;}完整代码及素材：c和c++代码: 争取每日一更。。。。。。 – Gitee.com
https://gitee.com/daily-brush-100-questions/c-language-training-camp/tree/master/c++AI%E4%BA%94%E5%AD%90%E6%A3%8B/c++AI%E4%BA%94%E5%AD%90%E6%A3%8B
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