装饰器(1)什么是装饰器:
器指的是工具,可以定义成函数
装饰指的是为其他事务添加额外的东西来点缀
上面两者合到一起:
- 装饰器指的是定义一个函数,该函数用来为其他函数添加额外的功能
函数装饰器分为:
- 无参装饰器和有参装饰两种,二者的实现原理一样,都是’函数嵌套+闭包+函数对象’的组合使用的产物。
(2)为何要用装饰器
开放封闭原则
开放:指的是对扩展功能是开放的
封闭:指的是对修改源代码是封闭的
装饰器就是在不修改被装饰器对象的源代码以及调用方式的前提下,为被装饰对象添加新功能
(3)装饰器实现思路
无参装饰器
- 方案一:失败
没有修改被装饰对象的调用方式,但是改变了源代码
def index(x, y): start = time.time() time.sleep(2) print(' index %s %s ' % (x, y)) end = time.time() print(end - start)index(1, 2)# index()
- 方案二
# 问题:没有修改被装修饰对象的源代码,也灭有修改调用方式,但是代码冗余def index(x, y): time.sleep(2) print(' index %s %s ' % (x, y))start = time.time()index(11, 22)end = time.time()start = time.time()index(11, 22)end = time.time()
- 方案三
问题:解决了代码荣誉,但是函数的调用方式改变了
def index(x, y): time.sleep(2) print(' index %s %s ' % (x, y))def wrapper(): start = time.time() index(11, 22) end = time.time()wrapper()wrapper()wrapper()
- 方案三的优化一:
在方案三基础上优化代码:将Index写活了(参数写活了)
def index(x, y,z): time.sleep(2) print(' index %s %s %s ' % (x, y,z))def wrapper(*args,**kwargs): start=time.time() index(*args,**kwargs) stop=time.time() print(stop-start)wrapper(11,22,44)wrapper(111,y=111,z=4545)
方案三的优化二:
在优化一的基础上把被装饰对象写活,原来只能装饰Index
def index(x, y, z): time.sleep(2) print(' index %s %s %s ' % (x, y, z))def home(name): time.time() print('welcome %s to home page' % name)def outer(func): # func=index的内存地址 # func = index def wrapper(*args, **kwargs): start = time.time() func(*args, **kwargs) # index的内存地址() stop = time.time() print(stop - start) return wrapperhome=outer(home)home('zhao')# f = outer(index) # f=outer(index的内存地址)# f(x=1, y=2, z=3)index = outer(index) # 偷梁换柱.>>此时的index指向的是wrapper的内存地址print(index)index(x=1, y=2, z=3)
方案三的优化三
将wrapper做的跟被装饰器一摸一样,以假乱真
def index(x, y, z): time.sleep(2) print(' index %s %s %s ' % (x, y, z))def home(name): time.time() print('welcome %s to home page' % name) return 1234def outer(func): def wrapper(*args, **kwargs): start = time.time() res = func(*args, **kwargs) stop = time.time() print(stop - start) return res return wrapperhome = outer(home)res = home('zhao')print('返回值:>>>', res)
(4) 语法糖:
在被装饰对象正上方的单独一行写 @装饰器名字
# 装饰器def timmer(func): def wrapper(*args, **kwargs): start = time.time() res = func(*args, **kwargs) stop = time.time() print(stop - start) return res return wrapper@timmer # index=timmer(index)def index(x, y, z): time.sleep(2) print(' index %s %s %s ' % (x, y, z))@timmer # home = timmer(home)def home(name): time.sleep(2) print('welcome %s to home page' % name) return 1234index(x=1,y=2,z=3)home('zhao')
(5)偷梁换柱
即将原函数名指向的内存地址偷梁换柱,所以应该将wrapper做的跟原函数一样才行
手动的将原函数的属性值赋值给wrapper,需要一个一个的去加,太麻烦
def outter(func): def wrapper(*args, **kwargs): #手动的将原函数的属性值赋值给wrapper # 函数名wrapper.__name__ =原函数.__name__ # 函数名wrapper.__doc__ = 原函数.__doc__ wrapper.__name__ = func.__name__ wrapper.__doc__ = func.__doc__ res = func(*args, **kwargs) return res return wrapper@outter # index=outter(index)def index(x, y): """ :param x: :param y: :return: """ print('index:', x, y)index(1, 2)print(index.__name__)print(index.__doc__) # help(index)
自动的将原函数的所有属性值赋值给wrapper
from functools import wrapsdef outter(func): @wraps(func) def wrapper(*args, **kwargs): #手动的将原函数的属性值赋值给wrapper # 函数名wrapper.__name__ =原函数.__name__ # 函数名wrapper.__doc__ = 原函数.__doc__ # wrapper.__name__ = func.__name__ # wrapper.__doc__ = func.__doc__ res = func(*args, **kwargs) return res return wrapper@outter # index=outter(index)def index(x, y): """ :param x: :param y: :return: """ print('index:', x, y)index(1, 2)print(index.__name__)print(index.__doc__) # help(index)
- 无参装饰器模板
def outter(func): def wrapper(*args,**kwargs): res=func(*args,**kwargs) return res return wrapper()
- 统计时间的装饰器
def timmer(func): def wrapper(*args,**kwargs): start=time.time() res=func(*args,**kwargs) end=time.time() print(end-start) return res return wrapper()
- 认证功能
def auth(func): def wrapper(*args, **kwargs): name = input('your name :').strip() passwd = input('your password:').strip() if name == 'zhao' and passwd == '132': res = func(*args, **kwargs) return res else: print("your name or your password is error") return wrapper@authdef index(): print('from index')index()
- 有参装饰器模板
def 有参装饰器(x,y,z) def outter(func): def wrapper(*args,**kwargs): res=func(*args,**kwargs) return res return wrapper()@有参装饰器(1,y=2,z=3)def 被装饰对象(): pass
- 认证功能改进
def auth(db_type): def deco(func): def wrapper(*args, **kwargs): username = input('your name:').strip() password = input('your paddword').strip() if db_type == 'file': print('基于文件验证') if username == 'zhao' and password == '133': print('login successful') res = func(*args, **kwargs) return res else: print('username or password is error') elif db_type == 'mysql': print("基于数据库") elif db_type == 'ldap': print("基于ldap") else: print('不支持该db_type') return wrapper return deco@auth(db_type='file')#@deco #index=dexo(index)def index(x, y): print('index:>>%s %s' % (x, y))@auth(db_type='mysql')def home(name): print('home :>>%s' % name)@auth(db_type='ldap')def transfer(): print("transfer:>>>%s" % transfer)index(1, 2)home('zhao')transfer()
- 叠加多个装饰器分析
def deco1(func1): # func1=wrapper2的内存地址 def wrapper1(*args, **kwargs): print('deco1.wrapper1') res1 = func1(*args, **kwargs) return res1 return wrapper1def deco2(func2): # func2=wrapper3的内存地址 def wrapper2(*args, **kwargs): print('deco1.wrapper2') res2 = func2(*args, **kwargs) return res2 return wrapper2def deco3(x): def outter(func3): # func3=被装饰对象index函数的内存地址 def wrapper3(*args, **kwargs): print('deco3.outter.wrapper3') res3 = func3(*args, **kwargs) return res3 return wrapper3 return outter# 加载顺序:自下而上@deco1 # index=deco1(wrapper2的内存地址) ===》index=wrapper1的内存地址@deco2 # index=deco2(wrapper3的内存地址)===》index=wrapper2的内存地址@deco3(11) # @outer===>@index=outer(index)===>index=wrapper3的内存地址def index(x, y): print('from index %s %s' % (x, y))print(index)# 执行顺序:自上而下即 wrapper1>wrapper2>wrapper3#index(1, 2) # wrapper1(1,2)
本文来自博客园,作者:Expiredsaury,转载请注明原文链接:https://www.cnblogs.com/saury/p/16739191.html