Turtle图形库
Turtle 库是 Python 内置的图形化模块，属于标准库之一，位于 Python 安装目录的 lib 文件夹下，常用函数有以下几种：

一.Turtle绘图的基础知识

画布是turtle用于绘图区域，我们可以设置它的大小和初始位置。

1.设置画布大小

turtle.screensize(canvwidth=None, canvheight=None, bg=None)，参数分别对应画布的宽(单位像素), 高, 背景颜色。

turtle.screensize(1000,800, "blue")turtle.screensize() #返回默认大小(500, 400)turtle.setup(width=0.5, height=0.75, startx=None, starty=None)

width, height: 输入宽和高为整数时, 表示像素; 为小数时, 表示占据电脑屏幕的比例，(startx, starty): 这一坐标表示矩形窗口左上角顶点的位置, 如果为空,则窗口位于屏幕中心。

2.画笔的状态

在画布上，默认有一个坐标原点为画布中心的坐标轴，坐标原点上有一只面朝x轴正方向小乌龟。这里我们描述小乌龟时使用了两个词语：坐标原点(位置)，面朝x轴正方向(方向)， turtle绘图中，就是使用位置方向描述小乌龟(画笔)的状态。

turtle.pensize() # 设置画笔的宽度；turtle.pencolor()# 没有参数传入，返回当前画笔颜色，传入参数设置画笔颜色，可以是字符串如"green", "red",也可以是RGB 3元组。turtle.speed(speed)#设置画笔移动速度，画笔绘制的速度范围[0,10]整数，数字越大越快。

3.使用turtle绘图主要分为3种命令代码，分别为运动命令、画笔控制命令和全局控制命令。

画笔运动命令代码

turtle.forward(distance)—向当前画笔方向移动distance像素长度
turtle.backward(distance)—向当前画笔相反方向移动distance像素长度
turtle.right(degree)—顺时针移动degree° turtle.left(degree)—逆时针移动degree°
turtle.pendown()—移动时绘制图形，缺省时也为绘制 turtle.goto(x,y)—将画笔移动到坐标为x,y的位置
turtle.penup()—提起笔移动，不绘制图形，用于另起一个地方绘制
turtle.circle()—画圆，半径为正(负)，表示圆心在画笔的左边(右边)画圆 setx( )—将当前x轴移动到指定位置
sety( )—将当前y轴移动到指定位置 setheading(angle)—设置当前朝向为angle角度
home()—设置当前画笔位置为原点，朝向东 dot®—绘制一个指定直径和颜色的圆点

画笔控制命令代码

turtle.fillcolor(colorstring)—绘制图形的填充颜色 turtle.color(color1,color2)—同时设置pencolor=color1, fillcolor=color2
turtle.filling()—返回当前是否在填充状态 turtle.begin_fill()—准备开始填充图形
turtle.end_fill()—填充完成 turtle.hideturtle()—隐藏画笔的turtle形状
turtle.showturtle()—显示画笔的turtle形状

全局控制命令代码

turtle.clear()—清空turtle窗口，但是turtle的位置和状态不会改变
turtle.reset()—清空窗口，重置turtle状态为起始状态 turtle.undo()—撤销上一个turtle动作
turtle.isvisible()—返回当前turtle是否可见 stamp()—复制当前图形
turtle.write(s[,font=(“fontname”,font_size,“font_type”)])—文本，s为文本内容，font是字体的参数，分别为字体名称，大小和类型；font为可选项，font参数也是可选项

二.具体实例

0.樱花树

from turtle import *from random import *from math import *def tree(n, l):pd ()# 下笔# 阴影效果t = cos ( radians ( heading () + 45 ) ) / 8 + 0.25pencolor ( t, t, t )pensize ( n / 3 )forward ( l )# 画树枝if n > 0:b = random () * 15 + 10# 右分支偏转角度c = random () * 15 + 10# 左分支偏转角度d = l * (random () * 0.25 + 0.7)# 下一个分支的长度# 右转一定角度,画右分支right ( b )tree ( n - 1, d )# 左转一定角度，画左分支left ( b + c )tree ( n - 1, d )# 转回来right ( c )else:# 画叶子right ( 90 )n = cos ( radians ( heading () - 45 ) ) / 4 + 0.5ran = random ()# 这里相比于原来随机添加了填充的圆圈，让樱花叶子看起来更多一点if (ran > 0.7):begin_fill ()circle ( 3 )fillcolor ( 'pink' )# 把原来随机生成的叶子换成了统一的粉色pencolor ( "pink" )circle ( 3 )if (ran > 0.7):end_fill ()left ( 90 )# 添加0.3倍的飘落叶子if (random () > 0.7):pu ()# 飘落t = heading ()an = -40 + random () * 40setheading ( an )dis = int ( 800 * random () * 0.5 + 400 * random () * 0.3 + 200 * random () * 0.2 )forward ( dis )setheading ( t )# 画叶子pd ()right ( 90 )n = cos ( radians ( heading () - 45 ) ) / 4 + 0.5pencolor ( n * 0.5 + 0.5, 0.4 + n * 0.4, 0.4 + n * 0.4 )circle ( 2 )left ( 90 )pu ()# 返回t = heading ()setheading ( an )backward ( dis )setheading ( t )pu ()backward ( l )# 退回bgcolor ( 0.956, 0.9255, 0.9882 )# 设置背景色（把灰色换成淡紫色）ht ()# 隐藏turtlespeed ( 0 )# 速度 1-10渐进，0 最快tracer ( 0, 0 )pu ()# 抬笔backward ( 50 )left ( 90 )# 左转90度pu ()# 抬笔backward ( 300 )# 后退300tree ( 12, 100 )# 递归7层done ()

参考：http://t.csdn.cn/WHTgS

1.彩色螺旋线

from turtle import *import turtlet = Turtle()t.pensize(2)turtle.bgcolor("black")colors = ["red", "yellow", 'purple', 'blue']t._tracer(False)for x in range(400):for y in range(200):t.forward(x * y)t.color(colors[x % 4])t.left(91)t._tracer(True)done()

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2.小蟒蛇

import turtleturtle.penup()turtle.pencolor("blue")turtle.forward(-200)turtle.pendown()turtle.pensize(10)turtle.right(45)for i in range(4):turtle.circle(40, 100)turtle.circle(-40, 60)turtle.circle(40, 80 / 2)turtle.fd(30)turtle.circle(16, 150)turtle.fd(100)turtle.done()

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3.画佩奇

import timeimport turtle as tt.pensize(4) # 设置画笔的大小t.colormode(255) # 设置GBK颜色范围为0-255t.color((255,155,192),"pink") # 设置画笔颜色和填充颜色(pink)t.setup(840,500) # 设置主窗口的大小为840*500t.speed(10) # 设置画笔速度为10#鼻子t.pu() # 提笔t.goto(-100,100) # 画笔前往F坐标(-100,100)t.pd() # 下笔t.seth(-30) # 笔的角度为-30°t.begin_fill() # 外形填充的开始标志a=0.4for i in range(120):if 0 <= i < 30 or 60 <= i < 90:a=a+0.08t.lt(3) #向左转3度t.fd(a) #向前走a的步长else:a=a-0.08t.lt(3)t.fd(a)t.end_fill() # 依据轮廓填充t.pu() # 提笔t.seth(90) # 笔的角度为90度t.fd(25) # 向前移动25t.seth(0) # 转换画笔的角度为0t.fd(10)t.pd()t.pencolor(255,155,192) # 设置画笔颜色t.seth(10)t.begin_fill()t.circle(5) # 画一个半径为5的圆t.color(160,82,45) # 设置画笔和填充颜色t.end_fill()t.pu()t.seth(0)t.fd(20)t.pd()t.pencolor(255,155,192)t.seth(10)t.begin_fill()t.circle(5)t.color(160,82,45)t.end_fill()#头t.color((255,155,192),"pink")t.pu()t.seth(90)t.fd(41)t.seth(0)t.fd(0)t.pd()t.begin_fill()t.seth(180)t.circle(300,-30) # 顺时针画一个半径为300,圆心角为30°的园t.circle(100,-60)t.circle(80,-100)t.circle(150,-20)t.circle(60,-95)t.seth(161)t.circle(-300,15)t.pu()t.goto(-100,100)t.pd()t.seth(-30)a=0.4for i in range(60):if 0<=i<30 or 60<=i<90:a=a+0.08t.lt(3) #向左转3度t.fd(a) #向前走a的步长else:a=a-0.08t.lt(3)t.fd(a)t.end_fill()#耳朵t.color((255,155,192),"pink")t.pu()t.seth(90)t.fd(-7)t.seth(0)t.fd(70)t.pd()t.begin_fill()t.seth(100)t.circle(-50,50)t.circle(-10,120)t.circle(-50,54)t.end_fill()t.pu()t.seth(90)t.fd(-12)t.seth(0)t.fd(30)t.pd()t.begin_fill()t.seth(100)t.circle(-50,50)t.circle(-10,120)t.circle(-50,56)t.end_fill()#眼睛t.color((255,155,192),"white")t.pu()t.seth(90)t.fd(-20)t.seth(0)t.fd(-95)t.pd()t.begin_fill()t.circle(15)t.end_fill()t.color("black")t.pu()t.seth(90)t.fd(12)t.seth(0)t.fd(-3)t.pd()t.begin_fill()t.circle(3)t.end_fill()t.color((255,155,192),"white")t.pu()t.seth(90)t.fd(-25)t.seth(0)t.fd(40)t.pd()t.begin_fill()t.circle(15)t.end_fill()t.color("black")t.pu()t.seth(90)t.fd(12)t.seth(0)t.fd(-3)t.pd()t.begin_fill()t.circle(3)t.end_fill()#腮t.color((255,155,192))t.pu()t.seth(90)t.fd(-95)t.seth(0)t.fd(65)t.pd()t.begin_fill()t.circle(30)t.end_fill()#嘴t.color(239,69,19)t.pu()t.seth(90)t.fd(15)t.seth(0)t.fd(-100)t.pd()t.seth(-80)t.circle(30,40)t.circle(40,80)#身体t.color("red",(255,99,71))t.pu()t.seth(90)t.fd(-20)t.seth(0)t.fd(-78)t.pd()t.begin_fill()t.seth(-130)t.circle(100,10)t.circle(300,30)t.seth(0)t.fd(230)t.seth(90)t.circle(300,30)t.circle(100,3)t.color((255,155,192),(255,100,100))t.seth(-135)t.circle(-80,63)t.circle(-150,24)t.end_fill()#手t.color((255,155,192))t.pu()t.seth(90)t.fd(-40)t.seth(0)t.fd(-27)t.pd()t.seth(-160)t.circle(300,15)t.pu()t.seth(90)t.fd(15)t.seth(0)t.fd(0)t.pd()t.seth(-10)t.circle(-20,90)t.pu()t.seth(90)t.fd(30)t.seth(0)t.fd(237)t.pd()t.seth(-20)t.circle(-300,15)t.pu()t.seth(90)t.fd(20)t.seth(0)t.fd(0)t.pd()t.seth(-170)t.circle(20,90)#脚t.pensize(10)t.color((240,128,128))t.pu()t.seth(90)t.fd(-75)t.seth(0)t.fd(-180)t.pd()t.seth(-90)t.fd(40)t.seth(-180)t.color("black")t.pensize(15)t.fd(20)t.pensize(10)t.color((240,128,128))t.pu()t.seth(90)t.fd(40)t.seth(0)t.fd(90)t.pd()t.seth(-90)t.fd(40)t.seth(-180)t.color("black")t.pensize(15)t.fd(20)# 尾巴t.pensize(4)t.color((255,155,192))t.pu()t.seth(90)t.fd(70)t.seth(0)t.fd(95)t.pd()t.seth(0)t.circle(70,20)t.circle(10,330)t.circle(70,30)

参考：http://t.csdn.cn/fimSO

4.风和日丽图

# coding=utf-8# code by me# 引用海龟库以及随机库import turtle as timport randomimport timelight = t.Turtle(visible=False)wind = t.Turtle(visible=False)def canvas(size_x=1200, size_y=900):# 设置画布,有默认值t.setup(size_x, size_y)# 设置线的颜色以及sizedef pencil(size=5, color="black"):t.pensize(size)t.pencolor(color)def sun():# 绘制太阳light.pensize(5)light.pencolor("black")sec = int(time.time())t.penup()# 画红色点t.goto(-530, 310)t.pendown()t.dot(100, "red")for i in range(1, 19):# 阳光效果light.penup()light.goto(-530, 310)light.seth(i * 20)light.forward(55)light.pendown()if (i + sec) % 2 == 1:light.forward(15)else:light.forward(7)def plant():# 绘制天空以及大地t.penup()# 每个绘制函数开头都写了这个，防止龟龟绘制另外的图像移动时留下痕迹length = 900 * 0.318# 将画布的纵向黄金分割t.home()t.goto(600, -450)t.fillcolor("#DAA520")# 分割填充大地t.begin_fill()t.left(90)t.forward(length)t.left(90)t.forward(1200)t.left(90)t.forward(length)t.left(90)t.forward(1200)t.end_fill()t.home()# 填充天空t.goto(600, length - 450)t.fillcolor("#B0C4DE")t.begin_fill()t.left(90)t.forward(900 - length)t.left(90)t.forward(1200)t.left(90)t.forward(900 - length)t.left(90)t.forward(1200)t.end_fill()def butterfly(pos_x=0, pos_y=0):# 绘制蝴蝶，这里会随机生成位置以及蝴蝶大小、颜色light.penup()light.goto(pos_x, pos_y)light.pendown()light.pensize(2)light.seth(45)color = ["#FF00FF", "#87CEFA", "#0000EE", "#FF4500", "#00FF00", "#00E5EE", "#FFFAFA"]# 一个颜色表,以及size表size = [6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12]tep_size = random.choice(size)light.fillcolor(random.choice(color))light.begin_fill()light.circle(tep_size, 270)# 绘制翅膀light.right(135)light.pensize(3)light.forward(tep_size / 2)light.right(45)light.forward(tep_size / 2)light.back(tep_size / 2)light.left(70)light.forward(tep_size / 2)light.back(tep_size / 2)light.right(25)light.pensize(4)light.back(2.05 * tep_size)light.seth(-90)light.pensize(2)light.circle(tep_size, -180)light.pensize(4)light.left(90)light.forward(tep_size * 2)light.back(tep_size * 2.5)light.end_fill()def botany(pos_x=0, pos_y=0, direction=0, flower=1, bend=10):# 植物函数，绘制向日葵，向日葵会迎风倒，效果很到位light.pensize(3)light.pencolor("black")light.penup()light.goto(pos_x, pos_y)light.pendown()light.left(90)light.fillcolor("#00CD00")light.begin_fill()light.circle(50, 90)# 绘制叶片light.left(90)light.circle(50, 90)light.penup()light.goto(pos_x, pos_y)light.pendown()light.seth(-90)light.pensize(6)light.forward(50)light.back(50)light.pensize(3)light.circle(50, -90)light.right(90)light.circle(50, -90)light.end_fill()if flower:# 判断是否有花，这里默认有花light.penup()light.goto(pos_x, pos_y)light.pendown()light.pensize(4)if direction:light.seth(80)# 绘制秆light.circle(130 - 5 * bend, 70 + 5 * bend, None)else:light.seth(-80)light.circle(130 - 5 * bend, -70 - 5 * bend, None)light.right(180)tep_x, tep_y = light.xcor(), light.ycor()light.forward(13)light.right(30)for i in range(6):# 绘制花瓣light.fillcolor("#FFD700")light.begin_fill()light.circle(15, 300)light.left(120)light.end_fill()light.goto(tep_x, tep_y)light.dot(36, "#FFB90F")def cloud(pos_x=0, pos_y=0, size=20):# 绘制云pos = int(time.time())pos %= 50light.penup()# 云没有要边框，所以没有pendownlight.goto(pos*8+pos_x, pos_y)light.fillcolor("#E6E6FA")light.begin_fill()light.seth(-80)light.circle(size, 110)for i in range(1, 6):# 绘制下半部分light.right(100)light.circle(size, 110)light.left(120)for i in range(1, 7):# 绘制上半部分，上边进行了六次循环，但是之前就进行了一次绘制，这里有七次循环light.right(100)light.circle(size, 110)light.end_fill()# def draw(x, y): # 这里是之前调试用的拖拽函数响应函数，不需使用# t.goto(x, y)# print(t.xcor(), t.ycor())# def person(pos_x=0, pos_y=0): # 绘制人的函数，效果很拉跨，舍弃# t.penup()# t.goto(pos_x, pos_y)# t.pendown()## t.dot(44, "#FFDEAD")# t.right(90)# t.penup()# t.forward(25)# t.right(15)# t.pendown()# pencil(10)# t.forward(50)## t.right(35)# t.forward(50)# t.back(50)# t.left(90)# t.forward(27)# t.right(110)# t.forward(23)## t.penup()# t.goto(pos_x, pos_y)# t.seth(-90)# t.forward(25)# t.right(15)# t.forward(20)# t.right(60)# t.pendown()# t.forward(50)# tep_x1, tep_y1 = t.xcor(), t.ycor()# t.back(50)# t.right(160)# t.forward(30)# t.seth(90)# t.forward(20)## t.penup()# t.goto(tep_x1, tep_y1)# t.seth(-145)# pencil(6)# t.pendown()# t.forward(50)# t.right(90)# t.forward(20)# t.right(90)# t.forward(15)# t.right(90)# t.forward(20)# t.left(90)# t.forward(150)def star(pos_x=0, pos_y=0, size=10):# 绘制星星函数color = ["#FFFFE0", "#FFFF00"]light.penup()light.goto(pos_x, pos_y)angle = random.randint(0, 180)light.seth(angle)light.fillcolor(random.choice(color))light.begin_fill()for i in range(5):# 这个144度是查的资料light.right(144)light.forward(size)light.end_fill()def wind():# 风函数，让图像看起来更有感觉，就是一条直线，加两个圆pos = int(time.time())pos %= 5color = ["#D3D3D3", "#CDCDB4"]tep_color = random.choice(color)light.penup()light.goto(pos*80-1000, 50)light.seth(0)light.pendown()light.pensize(5)light.pencolor(tep_color)light.forward(500)light.pensize(4)light.pencolor(tep_color)light.left(45)light.circle(50, 180)light.pensize(3)light.pencolor(tep_color)light.circle(30, 90)tep_color = random.choice(color)light.penup()# 画圈圈light.goto(pos*140-1040, 80)light.seth(0)light.pendown()light.pensize(5)light.pencolor(tep_color)light.forward(400)light.pensize(4)light.pencolor(tep_color)light.left(45)light.circle(40, 180)light.pensize(3)light.pencolor(tep_color)light.circle(25, 90)def lie():# 这个函数是表达我对python的喜爱t.penup()t.goto(0, -360)pencil(0, "#FFA54F")t.write("节日快乐", align='center', font=('arial', 75, 'normal'))t.hideturtle()def dynamic():light.clear()sun()star(200, 200)# 右上角有星星注意观察 0.0star(260, 230, 15)star(180, 300)star(300, 100, 15)star(500, 290)star(420, 310, 15)star(300, 200)star(260, 230, 15)star(350, 352)star(500, 180, 15)star(560, 352)cloud(-530, 280, 20)cloud(300, 250, 30)wind()bend = int(time.time())bend %= 5bend += 14light.seth(-100-bend)# 初始向日葵叶片角度for i in range(14):# 生成向日葵if i % 2 == 0:botany(-520 + i * 50, -132, 0, 1, bend - i)botany(-340 + i * 50, -132, 0, 1, bend - i)else:botany(-430 + i * 50, -142, 0, 1, bend - i)botany(-230 + i * 50, -142, 0, 1, bend - i)pos_x = [45, -96, -100, 410, 300, 580, 230, -50, -400, -320, -212]pos_y = [45, -96, -100, 0, 20, 30, 29, -50, -20, -43, 10]for i in range(6):# 生成蝴蝶，这里便于观察到结果，蝴蝶有点大butterfly(random.choice(pos_x), random.choice(pos_y))t.ontimer(dynamic, 1000)def piant():# 这里是将绘制全放在这个函数里，让main看起来简洁t.tracer(False)t.delay(0)canvas()pencil()plant()lie()dynamic()if __name__ == "__main__":piant()# t.ondrag(draw, btn=1, add=None)t.mainloop()

参考：http://t.csdn.cn/A9nfn