后端架构token授权认证机制:spring security JSON Web Token(JWT)简例

在基于token的客户端-服务器端认证授权以前,前端到服务器端的认证-授权通常是基于session,自从token机制出现并流行起来后,基于token的客户端-服务器端认证-授权访问机制变得越来越主要,token机制从某种意义上讲是过去传统session会话机制的另外一种解决方案,并尤其适用于当前的大规模微服务、分布式体系架构。

客户端(浏览器web前端、app移动端等)与后端服务基于token的认证-授权访问流程一般情况是这样的:

(1)用户侧发送用户名和密码到服务器端。
(2)服务器端收到用户名后验证用户有效性。
(3)服务器端验证通过后,发送给用户一个token。
(4)客户端存储token,并在每次请求服务器端时附带上这个token。
(5)后续,每一层客户端的请求到达服务器端后,服务器验证token的有效性(合法性),若通过验证,返回客户端所需数据。

JWT可以认为是一种特殊编码格式的token。普通oauth2颁发是一串随机hash字符串,本身无意义,而JWT的token有特定含义,分为三部分:

(1)头部Header
(2)载荷Payload
(3)签名Signature

每一部分用 . 分隔开。

典型的应用场景是api鉴权。比如移动应用的app开发,用api,从远程服务器端拉取数据,每次的http访问,均带上token。

JWT-token此类鉴权认证机制不太适用的场景:

(1)传统session的会话保持业务逻辑。因为token无状态、分布式,在token有效期内,原则上只要使用这个token,仍然可以访问系统。
(2)token续签。围绕token续签设计系统架构会增加额外的复杂度。可以用redis记录token状态,在用户访问后更新状态,但这就是token机制用“歪”了,JWT-token的无状态此时变成有状态了,而这恰恰就是传统session+cookie机制可以覆盖住的业务场景。考虑系统的拓展和高可用,可以考虑使用成熟的spring session框架(B/S应用场景)。

现在写一个例子,代码如下:

其中最关键的有三个类,JwtAuthenticationController,JwtRequestFilter,JwtWebSecurityConfigurerAdapter

这三个类涉及到spring boot对于token生成和验证的逻辑流程。结合上面的逻辑代码,简单总结一下spring+jwt这种组合框架是如何验证-生成授权token。

如果不使用spring security,那么spring里面实现接口访问即是常规的框架编程。引入spring security后,并在spring security中实现基于JWT的token授权-验证,那么首先需要对于访问用户发放token。所以在JwtAuthenticationController的createAuthenticationToken实现对于用户token的生成和返回。

当用户访问localhost:8080/auth后(注意是POST方法,需要写入用户名和密码),JwtAuthenticationController在createAuthenticationToken里面提取用户名和密码,构造UsernamePasswordAuthenticationToken,并将UsernamePasswordAuthenticationToken记入到上下文中的authenticationManager,如果用户名和密码均正确,spring security就“记忆”当前访问的用户,并通过jwtInMemoryUserDetailsService加载用户信息,然后jwtTokenUtil生成token返回给用户。

此后,客户端用户每一次访问受保护的资源时候,加入token。token是写到header里面的,token的key为Authorization,value按照协议规范,需要以字符串Bearer 开头,注意Bearer后面要带上空格。

JwtRequestFilter类目的是配置spring的http请求,把JwtRequestFilter写完后,加入到JwtWebSecurityConfigurerAdapter类的configure(HttpSecurity http)函数的http里面:

http.addFilterBefore(jwtRequestFilter, UsernamePasswordAuthenticationFilter.class);

加入后,spring接受的http请求,会被JwtRequestFilter过滤一次,JwtRequestFilter的过滤核心是doFilterInternal函数。doFilterInternal对于每一次的http请求,均会提取http头部header字段里面的key为Authorization对应的值,如果对应的值非空,且以Bearer 开头,则意味是token认证,那么就走token认证逻辑。代码将会根据传入的token逆向的通过工具类jwtTokenUtil反向找出用户名,然后根据用户名判断当前用户是否已被授权,如果没有被授权,jwtTokenUtil验证客户端传入的token和后端系统的token信息是否一致,一致则把具有该token的客户端记录进spring security授权记录中,从此,凡是具有该token的访问,均放行通过。

import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;import org.springframework.http.ResponseEntity;import org.springframework.security.authentication.AuthenticationManager;import org.springframework.security.authentication.UsernamePasswordAuthenticationToken;import org.springframework.security.core.userdetails.UserDetails;import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestBody;import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestMapping;import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestMethod;import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RestController;import java.util.HashMap;import java.util.Map;@RestControllerpublic class JwtAuthenticationController {@Autowiredprivate AuthenticationManager authenticationManager;@Autowiredprivate JwtTokenUtil jwtTokenUtil;@Autowiredprivate JwtUserDetailsService jwtInMemoryUserDetailsService;/** * 验证用户名和密码。 * 如果验证通过,创建token并将其返回给客户端 * * @param request * @return */@RequestMapping(value = "/auth", method = RequestMethod.POST)public ResponseEntity createAuthenticationToken(@RequestBody JwtRequest request) {String username = request.getUsername();String password = request.getPassword();System.out.println("用户名:" + username);System.out.println("密码:" + password);UsernamePasswordAuthenticationToken authentication=new UsernamePasswordAuthenticationToken(username, password);authenticationManager.authenticate(authentication);UserDetails userDetails = jwtInMemoryUserDetailsService.loadUserByUsername(request.getUsername());String token = jwtTokenUtil.generateToken(userDetails);return ResponseEntity.ok(new JwtResponse(token));}@RequestMapping(value="/api")public Map api() {Map map=new HashMap();map.put("page", "api");return map;}@RequestMapping(value="/index")public Map index() {Map map=new HashMap();map.put("page", "index");return map;}@RequestMapping(value="/home")public Map home() {Map map=new HashMap();map.put("page", "home");return map;}}

import org.springframework.security.core.AuthenticationException;import org.springframework.security.web.AuthenticationEntryPoint;import org.springframework.stereotype.Component;import javax.servlet.ServletException;import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;import java.io.IOException;/** * 拒绝每个没有通过身份验证的请求并发送错误代码401。 */@Componentpublic class JwtAuthenticationEntryPoint implements AuthenticationEntryPoint {@Overridepublic void commence(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response, AuthenticationException authException) throws IOException, ServletException {System.out.println("未获得授权");response.sendError(HttpServletResponse.SC_UNAUTHORIZED, "Unauthorized");}}

import org.springframework.security.crypto.bcrypt.BCryptPasswordEncoder;import org.springframework.stereotype.Component;/** * 注意,此处是明文,实际场景时候要加密 */@Componentpublic class JwtPasswordEncoder extends BCryptPasswordEncoder {@Overridepublic String encode(CharSequence rawPassword) {return rawPassword.toString();}@Overridepublic boolean matches(CharSequence rawPassword, String encodedPassword) {if (rawPassword == null) {throw new IllegalArgumentException("rawPassword为空!");}if (encodedPassword == null || encodedPassword.length() == 0) {throw new IllegalArgumentException("encodedPassword为空");}return encodedPassword.equals(rawPassword);}}

import java.io.Serializable;public class JwtRequest implements Serializable {private String username;private String password;//JSON Parsingpublic JwtRequest() {}public JwtRequest(String username, String password) {this.setUsername(username);this.setPassword(password);}public String getUsername() {return this.username;}public void setUsername(String username) {this.username = username;}public String getPassword() {return this.password;}public void setPassword(String password) {this.password = password;}}

import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;import org.springframework.security.authentication.UsernamePasswordAuthenticationToken;import org.springframework.security.core.context.SecurityContextHolder;import org.springframework.security.core.userdetails.UserDetails;import org.springframework.security.web.authentication.WebAuthenticationDetailsSource;import org.springframework.stereotype.Component;import org.springframework.web.filter.OncePerRequestFilter;import javax.servlet.FilterChain;import javax.servlet.ServletException;import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;import java.io.IOException;/** * 对于任何一个传入的请求,都会执行doFilterInternal。 * 检查请求是否具有有效的token。 * 如果token有效,在上下文中设置Authentication, * 表明当前用户通过身份验证。 */@Componentpublic class JwtRequestFilter extends OncePerRequestFilter {@Autowiredprivate JwtUserDetailsService jwtUserDetailsService;@Autowiredprivate JwtTokenUtil jwtTokenUtil;@Overrideprotected void doFilterInternal(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response, FilterChain filterChain) throws ServletException, IOException {String header = request.getHeader("Authorization");String username = null;String token = null;// token一般又称之为"Bearer token",以Bearer开头// 截取纯粹的tokenString BEARER = "Bearer ";if (header != null && header.startsWith(BEARER)) {token = header.substring(BEARER.length());//从Bearer 之后开始截取username = jwtTokenUtil.getUsernameFromToken(token);System.out.println(username + " token:" + token);}//拿到token后验证if (username != null && SecurityContextHolder.getContext().getAuthentication() == null) {UserDetails userDetails = jwtUserDetailsService.loadUserByUsername(username);// 如果token有效,配置Spring Security授权if (jwtTokenUtil.validateToken(token, userDetails)) {System.out.println(username + " token验证通过");UsernamePasswordAuthenticationToken authToken = new UsernamePasswordAuthenticationToken(userDetails, null, userDetails.getAuthorities());authToken.setDetails(new WebAuthenticationDetailsSource().buildDetails(request));//当前用户已经授权,授权认证信息传递给Spring Security配置.SecurityContextHolder.getContext().setAuthentication(authToken);}}if (SecurityContextHolder.getContext().getAuthentication() != null) {System.out.println(username + " 已授权");}filterChain.doFilter(request, response);}}

public class JwtResponse {private String token;public JwtResponse(String token) {this.token = token;}public String getToken() {return token;}}

import io.jsonwebtoken.Claims;import io.jsonwebtoken.Jwts;import io.jsonwebtoken.SignatureAlgorithm;import org.springframework.security.core.userdetails.UserDetails;import org.springframework.stereotype.Component;import java.io.Serializable;import java.util.Date;import java.util.HashMap;import java.util.Map;import java.util.function.Function;@Componentpublic class JwtTokenUtil implements Serializable {public static final long TOKEN_VALIDITY = 60 * 60 * 5; //token有效期private String secret = "zhangphil_secret";public String getUsernameFromToken(String token) {return getClaimFromToken(token, Claims::getSubject);}public Date getIssuedAtDateFromToken(String token) {return getClaimFromToken(token, Claims::getIssuedAt);}public Date getExpirationDateFromToken(String token) {return getClaimFromToken(token, Claims::getExpiration);}public  T getClaimFromToken(String token, Function claimsResolver) {final Claims claims = getAllClaimsFromToken(token);return claimsResolver.apply(claims);}private Claims getAllClaimsFromToken(String token) {return Jwts.parser().setSigningKey(secret).parseClaimsJws(token).getBody();}private Boolean isTokenExpired(String token) {final Date expiration = getExpirationDateFromToken(token);return expiration.before(new Date());}private Boolean ignoreTokenExpiration(String token) {return false;}public String generateToken(UserDetails userDetails) {Map claims = new HashMap();return doGenerateToken(claims, userDetails.getUsername());}private String doGenerateToken(Map claims, String subject) {return Jwts.builder().setClaims(claims).setSubject(subject).setIssuedAt(new Date(System.currentTimeMillis())).setExpiration(new Date(System.currentTimeMillis() + TOKEN_VALIDITY * 1000)).signWith(SignatureAlgorithm.HS512, secret).compact();}public Boolean canTokenBeRefreshed(String token) {return (!isTokenExpired(token) || ignoreTokenExpiration(token));}public Boolean validateToken(String token, UserDetails userDetails) {final String username = getUsernameFromToken(token);return (username.equals(userDetails.getUsername()) && !isTokenExpired(token));}}

import org.springframework.security.core.userdetails.User;import org.springframework.security.core.userdetails.UserDetails;import org.springframework.security.core.userdetails.UserDetailsService;import org.springframework.security.core.userdetails.UsernameNotFoundException;import org.springframework.stereotype.Service;import java.util.ArrayList;@Servicepublic class JwtUserDetailsService implements UserDetailsService {//正常情况下,当loadUserByUsername传入用户名后,//应该连接数据库从数据库中根据用户名把该用户的信息取出来,//本例出于简单演示的目的,不再额外的引入数据库,//假设已经知道用户名和密码,硬编码写死了用户名和密码public static final String USER_NAME = "zhangphil";public static final String USER_PASSWORD = "12345678";@Overridepublic UserDetails loadUserByUsername(String username) throws UsernameNotFoundException {System.out.println(username + " 加载信息");if (USER_NAME.equals(username)) {return new User(USER_NAME, USER_PASSWORD, new ArrayList());} else {throw new UsernameNotFoundException("用户不存在:" + username);}}}

import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;import org.springframework.context.annotation.Bean;import org.springframework.context.annotation.Configuration;import org.springframework.security.authentication.AuthenticationManager;import org.springframework.security.config.annotation.authentication.builders.AuthenticationManagerBuilder;import org.springframework.security.config.annotation.method.configuration.EnableGlobalMethodSecurity;import org.springframework.security.config.annotation.web.builders.HttpSecurity;import org.springframework.security.config.annotation.web.builders.WebSecurity;import org.springframework.security.config.annotation.web.configuration.EnableWebSecurity;import org.springframework.security.config.annotation.web.configuration.WebSecurityConfigurerAdapter;import org.springframework.security.config.http.SessionCreationPolicy;import org.springframework.security.web.authentication.UsernamePasswordAuthenticationFilter;@Configuration@EnableWebSecurity@EnableGlobalMethodSecurity(prePostEnabled = true)public class JwtWebSecurityConfigurerAdapter extends WebSecurityConfigurerAdapter {/** * 密码管理 */@Autowiredprivate JwtPasswordEncoder jwtPasswordEncoder;@Autowiredprivate JwtUserDetailsService jwtUserDetailsService;@Autowiredprivate JwtAuthenticationEntryPoint jwtAuthenticationEntryPoint;@Autowiredprivate JwtRequestFilter jwtRequestFilter;@Overrideprotected void configure(HttpSecurity http) throws Exception {// 本例不需要CSRFhttp.csrf().disable()// 排除/auth。// 对于请求授权的/auth不需要授权,放行。.authorizeRequests().antMatchers("/auth").permitAll()//其余的所有请求均需要认证授权.anyRequest().authenticated().and().exceptionHandling()//错误处理.authenticationEntryPoint(jwtAuthenticationEntryPoint).and()//本例不需要维护有状态的session.sessionManagement().sessionCreationPolicy(SessionCreationPolicy.STATELESS);// 对于任何一个传入的请求加入一个token过滤器,验证。http.addFilterBefore(jwtRequestFilter, UsernamePasswordAuthenticationFilter.class);}/** * 配置AuthenticationManager使其知道从那里加载用户认证信息 */@Overridepublic void configure(AuthenticationManagerBuilder auth) {try {auth.userDetailsService(jwtUserDetailsService).passwordEncoder(jwtPasswordEncoder);} catch (Exception e) {e.printStackTrace();}}/** * 假设这一部分接口是公开开放的,不需要token即可访问。 * 这部分客户端http请求不拦截 * 排除。 */@Overridepublic void configure(WebSecurity web) {web.ignoring().antMatchers("/index**","/home/**");}@Bean@Overridepublic AuthenticationManager authenticationManagerBean() throws Exception {return super.authenticationManagerBean();}}

import org.springframework.boot.SpringApplication;import org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.SpringBootApplication;@SpringBootApplicationpublic class SpringJwtApplication {public static void main(String[] args) {SpringApplication.run(SpringJwtApplication.class, args);}}

系统启动后,当访问/index或者/home页面时候,不需要token,均正常打开:

当直接访问localhost:8080/api时候,页面返回HTTP ERROR 401错误,此时,需要post用户名和密码:

然后后台返回token:

把token复制出来,在get请求时候,加入token,访问/api接口,注意,需要为token加上头Bearer ,加到header里面,key是Authorization:

后台系统返回正确结果:

与此同时,系统的后台日志输出为:

未获得授权用户名:zhangphil密码:12345678zhangphil 加载信息zhangphil 加载信息zhangphil token:eyJhbGciOiJIUzUxMiJ9.eyJzdWIiOiJ6aGFuZ3BoaWwiLCJleHAiOjE2NDQ1MDc3OTcsImlhdCI6MTY0NDQ4OTc5N30.90WpWZ4MBk1bsEd8r7Vmz7MHQ350q_DEISC7mvHmamgU1YNM_ppfyYweUsb0MxRD-qPFdHF7fNBbf-4H0u6wywzhangphil 加载信息zhangphil token验证通过zhangphil 已授权

如果在授权认证时候,传入错误的密码,比如密码错误的是1234,那么系统认证失败,后台日志输出:

用户名:zhangphil密码:1234zhangphil 加载信息未获得授权